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Diabetes - Symptoms, Causes, Precaution, Methods and more

  DIABETIES :- Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease. which is characterised by hyperglycemia resulting from insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. Diabetic Mellitus SYMPTOMS :- 3P :-  Polyuria (frequent urine)   Polyphagia ( very hungry)  polydipsia ( very thirsty) feeling tired blurry vision weight loss  delay wound healing HYPERGLYCEMIA High blood sugar/ high sugar level in blood. HYPOGLYCEMIA   Low blood sugar with a glucose value of usually less than 70mg/dl CAUSES To high dose of medication ( Insulin/ antidiabetic medication ) Delayed Meals Exercise Alcohol SYMPTOMS Shakiness Anxiety Sweating Irritability or Confusion Fast heart beat Dizziness Hunger and nausea Headaches Weakness Seizure/Unconsciousness TREATMENT Consume simple carbohydrates like half cup sweetened juice, 3 tablespoons of sugar, honey, chocolates or hard candy. Recheck your blood glucose after 15 minutes. If hyperglycemia continues, repeat the glucose supplements. Once...

HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM/BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM

HEART CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

OR 

BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM


The study of blood vascular system or circulatory system is called angiology  


The vascular system is made up of the vessels that carry blood and lymph fluid through the body. It's also called the circulatory system. The arteries and veins carry blood all over the body. They send oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues.  

Blood Vascular System

BLOOD VESSELS

1 Arteries 

2 Veins

3 Capillaries

All Layer of Arteries and Veins
Diagram of T.S. of Arteries and T.S. of Veins


Differentiate between arteries and vein 


Difference between Arteries and Veins



CAPILLARIES

They have only one layer i.e. simple squamous endothelium layer. 

Diagram of T.S. of Capillaries



ANATOMY OF HEART


Heart  is a coned shaped hollow structure equal to the size of puzzle fit.

It is a mesodermally derived organ, is situated in the thoracic cavity, in between the two lungs (mediastinum), slightly tilled to the left.

The heart weight between 200 to 425g. 
The lower portion is apex and upper portion is base.

Wall of heart 

1.  Pericardium

2.  Myocardium

3.  Endocardium

Pericardium-- It is a outermost layer of the heart.
Heart is protected by a double walled membranous bag like structure called pericardium.

Pericardium layer of Heart

Myocardium -- Consist of specialized cardiac muscle (involuntary in nature) found only in the heart.

Endocardium -- It consist of flatted epithelial cell and it is continuous with endothelium lining the blood vessels.

Labelled Diagram of Heart


Mammals heart have a four chambers, two small upper chambers called atria and two large lower chambers called ventricles.

Inter-atrial septum wall separate the right and the left atria.
It is a thin muscular layer (wall).

Inter-ventricular septum wall separate the right and left ventricles.
It is a thick muscular wall.

Atrio-ventricualr septum separate the atrium and ventricles of the same side.

Blood Circulation of Heart


AORTIC ARCH



Aortic Arch
The aorta arch is the section of the aorta between the ascending and descending aorta that distribute blood to the head and upper extremities via the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery. 

The aortic arch has 3 major branches.
The brachiocephalic trunk is the first branch of the aortic arch and supplies blood to the right arm and right head and neck.
The left common carotid artery is the second branch of the aortic arch, which supplies blood to the left side of the head and the neck.
The last branch of the aortic arch is the left subclavian artery that distribute blood to the left arm. 




PULMONARY CIRCULATION


The deoxygenated blood pumped into the pulmonary artery is passed on to the lungs (from where the oxygenated blood is carried by the pulmonary veins into the left atrium) this pathway is called pulmonary circulation.

Pulmonary circulation occur only between the heart and lungs. 


SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION


Circulation of blood throughout the body through the arteries, capillaries and veins, which carry oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to various tissue and return venous blood to the right atrium.

Systemic circulation occur between the heart and body. 

Diagram of pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation




CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF HEART


The cardiac conduction system is a group of specialized cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the heart.
That send signals to the heart muscle causing it to contract.

The main components of the cardiac conduction system are the SA Node, AV Node, bundle of his, bundle branches and Purkinje fibers.

Conduction system of heart


Diagram of Conduction system of heart

Diagram of Conduction system of heart


FUNCTION OF SA NODE

(Sino-atrial node) or (Natural pacemaker of heart)


1. The SAN can generate the maximum number of action potential. i.e. 70-75 beats per minute (bpm).

2. It is responsible for initiating and maintaining the rhythmic contractile activity of the heart that's why it is called the natural pacemaker.

NOTE- Our heart normally beats 70-75 times in a minute.
(Average 72 beats per minute)



FUNCTION OF AV NODE


1. The purpose of this structure is to connect the electrical system of the atria and the Ventricles, providing electrical impedance from the atria and an intrinsic pacemaker in its absence.

2. The intrinsic rate of the AV node is 40-60 beats per minute (bpm).










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Location: New Delhi, Delhi, India

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