Diabetes - Symptoms, Causes, Precaution, Methods and more

 

DIABETIES :- Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease. which is characterised by hyperglycemia resulting from insulin deficiency or insulin resistance.

Diabetic Mellitus

SYMPTOMS :-

3P :- 

• Polyuria (frequent urine)

•  Polyphagia ( very hungry)

•  polydipsia ( very thirsty)

• feeling tired

• blurry vision

• weight loss 

• delay wound healing

HYPERGLYCEMIA

High blood sugar/ high sugar level in blood.

HYPOGLYCEMIA 

Low blood sugar with a glucose value of usually less than 70mg/dl

CAUSES

• To high dose of medication ( Insulin/ antidiabetic medication )

• Delayed Meals

• Exercise

• Alcohol

SYMPTOMS

• Shakiness

• Anxiety

• Sweating

• Irritability or Confusion

• Fast heart beat

• Dizziness

• Hunger and nausea

• Headaches

• Weakness

• Seizure/Unconsciousness

TREATMENT

• Consume simple carbohydrates like half cup sweetened juice, 3 tablespoons of sugar, honey, chocolates or hard candy.

• Recheck your blood glucose after 15 minutes.

• If hyperglycemia continues, repeat the glucose supplements.

• Once blood glucose returns to normal snack at the earliest.

NOTE :- If hypoglycemia is not getting corrected, attend any nearby medical facility.

TYPES OF DIABETES

There are mainly two types of diabetes

1. Type 1 Diabetes ( Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus )

2. Type 2 Diabetes ( Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus)

Difference between Type 1. Diabetes and Type 2. Diabetes

DIABETIC FOOT CARE 

• check your feet everyday.

• you may need a mirror to look at the bottom of your feet (if you are obese or. have joint problem).

• Look for any sign of redness, swelling, ulcer, pain, numbness or tingling in any part of your foot.

• Wash your feet with lukewarm water and mild soap.

• Dry your feet with towel especially between the toes.

• Use a soft towel and pat gently, do not rub.

• Keep skin smooth by applying a cream or lotion.

• Keep your feet dry befor putting on socks or shoes.

• Do not go barefoot.

• Do not let your feet get too hot or cold.

• Cut toe nails straight with nail cutter across to avoid ingrown toe nails. If your nails are brittle, soak your toe nails in warm water to soften them before cutting.

• Do not use scissors, blades.

• Do not treat corns on your own.

SELECTION AND CARE OF SHOES

• Do not wear shoes without socks.

• Do not wear sandals or other open toed shoes.

• Avoid high healed and pointed toes shoes.

• Wear socks (cotton/woolen) that are half inch longer than your longest toe.

• Do not wear strech socks, nylon socks.

• Do not wear uncomfortable shoes.

• Shop for new shoes at the end of the day, when your feet are little swollen.

• Wear new shoes for not more than one hour/day for several days.

• Change socks and shoes everyday.

• Have two pair of shoes so that you can switch pairs every other day.

INSULIN VIALS AND SYRINGES 

Do not interchange 100IU/ml and 40IU/ml Insulin and syringes.

Insulin 100ml/dl and 40ml/dl syringe

STORAGE AND SITE OF INJECTION

1. Store insulin in the door of the             refrigerator and not in freezer.

2. Earthen vessel pot in villages.

3. Flask with ice-water.

4. Use ice-pack for short distance travel.

NOTE :- Insulin can be injected on the arms, abdomen and thigh.

Insulin Site with Method

METHOD OF INSULIN ADMINISTRATION

• Wash your hands and gently roll the insulin vial between your palms, never shake.

• If using a new vial, inspect the insulin for any sediments and remove the flat top from the vial.

• Insert air equivalent to the desired dose of insulin into the vial with the needle and syringe.

• Turn the vial and syringe upside down, and ensure that the tip of the needle is in the insulin. Pull back on the plunger of the needle till desired dose.

• Inspect the insulin in the syringe for any bubbles, If bubbles are present then remove the needle from the vial and discard the bubbles.

• Clean the site, pinch the skin and insert the needle perpendicular, (at angle of the person is very thin) and inject the insulin completely.

• Count till 10 before withdrawing the syringe.

Method of Insulin using Syringe

HOW TO INJECT INSULIN USING A PEN DEVICE

Image of Insulin Pen

• Wash your hands and gently roll the insulin pen between your palms.

• Remove the pen cap and make sure that the insulin is evenly mixed without any particles.

• Wipe the tip of the pen where the needle will be attached with an alcohol swab.

• Remove the pull-cover from the needle and screw it on to the pen till it is snug.

• Remove the plastic inner and outer cap from the needle.

• Dial upto 2 units at the dose window and keeping the needle and pen upright press the inject button till a drop of insulin appears at the needle tip.

• Dial the desired dose on the dial window of the pen.

• With one hand pinch the skin where you want to inject the insulin and with the other hand hold the pen with the thumb free to press the inject button.

• Inject the needle under the skin at 90 degrees and press the inject button all the way to zero.

• Keep the button pressed for upto ten seconds and then withdraw the needle.

• Carefully replace outer needle cap on the needle and unscrew it.

Method of Insulin using Pen device

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