What is Cancer/Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Diagnosis of Cancer/ What is Silent Cancer

 CANCER 

Cancer is also known as Tumor, and study of cancer is called oncology.

Definition 

Cancer means uncontrol and abnormal division of cells. They are very rapidly proliferate without any differentiation and apoptosis process.

(Abnormal proliferative cell is called Neoplastic cell)

Or

The uncontrolled growth of cell by its multiplication is known as Cancer.

Types of cancer 

There are two types of Tumor :-

1. Benign Tumor 

2. Malignant Tumor

Benign Tumor 

Benign Tumor is also called mass of cell.

It cannot spread from one location to other location.

That means it is not show metastasis.

This is a localised tumor. That means it is present only one location not spread to other location.

Benign Tumor (Cancer)

This type of tumor can remove from the body because it is located only on surface of

organ.

Example of Benign Tumor :- 

Lipoma

Myloma 

Malignant Tumor 

Malignant Tumor is very dangerous tumor because it can spread or can transfer from one location to other location.

Malignant Tumor show metastasis process.

Malignant Tumor (Cancer)

Types of Malignant Tumor :- 

There are four types of Malignant Tumor/Cancer :-

1. Carcinoma 

It is also known as skin cancer occur in epithelial tissue, cause by ultraviolet rays of sun.

Carcinoma (Malignant Tumor)
Carcinoma 

2. Sarcoma 

Cancerous growth in connective tissue, bones, cartilage and muscle is called sarcoma.

Sarcoma (Cancer)
Sarcoma 

3. Leukemia 

Abnormal growth in the number of leucocytes, also known as blood cancer.

Leukemia (Blood cancer)

Leukemia (Blood Cancer)

4. Lymphoma 

Cancerous growth occur in lymph node or spleen.

Lymphoma (Cancer)
Lymphoma 

Symptoms of Cancer :-

• Fatigue 
• Unintentional weight loss
• Unexplained fever 
• Changes in bowel 
• Abnormal lumps
• Persistent cough
• Unexplained muscles and joint pain 
• Night Sweat
• Digestion problem 
• Discomfort after eating 
• Skin color changes occur - Redness of the skin
• Nails color changes occur 
• Unusual bleeding 
• Bowel habit change 

Causes of Cancer 

A special agent which can cause a cancer that is called Carcinogen. 

• Physical agent 
• Chemical agent
• Biological agent
• Radiation 

Physical and Chemical agent 

• Tobacco 
• Smoking 
• Alcohol 

Biological agent 

• Parasite 

Schistosoma parasite cause cancer.

• Virus 

Hepatitis B and C virus can cause cancer.

Virus which can cause a cancer is called oncogenic virus.

Radiation 

X-Rays

Gama Rays

UV Rays

What is silent cancer ?

Silent cancer do not have initial symptoms, 

This is because, most of these cancer affect internal organs and deep inside the body such as lungs, intestine, liver, bladder and pancreas etc. 

That's why it is difficult to find them during a regular physical exercise.

Treatment of cancer 

1. Surgery 

Benign Tumor Cancer easy remove by surgery.

2. Radiation Therapy 

Different types of radiation are used for the treatment of cancer.

In a radiation Therapy radiation stops the growth of cancer cells without any harms.

3. Chemotherapy 

It is a process in which different Antinuclear drugs are used which is inhibit a cancer cell DNA.

Chemotherapy has some minor disadvantages:- 

Hair loss

Weakness 

Anemia 

How can check you have cancer or not ?

Common test to diagnose cancer :-

• Blood Chemistry Test
• CBC (Complete blood count)
• Genetic test
• Urinalysis 
• CT Scan
• MRI
• Ultrasound 
• X-Ray
• Biopsy 
• Tumor marker test

Atrial Fibrillation/Atrial Flutter

 

• Atrial Fibrillation 
• Atrial Flutter

Atrial Fibrillation (Afib)

Afib stands for atrial Fibrillation (AF)

Atrial Fibrillation is a type of arrhythmia or abnormal heart beat and is a major cause of stroke. 

Atrial Fibrillation is an irregularly irregular and often very rapid heart rhythm that begins in heart upper chambers (Atria).

in which the upper chambers of the heart (atria) beat out of coordination with the lower chambers of the heart (ventricle).

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION FINDINGS ON ECG

Findings

• Irregularly irregular QRS Complex

• P wave absent/no visible P wave present

• Heart beat range (100bpm - 160bpm)

Types of Atrial Fibrillation

There are three main types of atrial fibrillation....

• Paroxysmal atrial Fibrillation

• Persistent atrial fibrillation

• Long standing persistent atrial fibrillation

Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation

It's episodes occurs less than one week and usually stops on its own without treatment.

Persistent Atrial Fibrillation

It's episodes occurs more than one week and needs treatment.

Long Standing Persistent Atrial Fibrillation

It's episodes occurs more than a year and it's difficult to treat.

Symptoms Of Atrial Fibrillation

• A feeling of butterflies or a fish flopping in your chest

• Chest pain

• Dizziness

• Extreme fatigue

• Shortness of breath

• Heart palpitation

• Weakness

• Trouble exercise

Atrial Flutter

Atrial flutter is similar to atrial fibrillation (Afib), a common disorder that cause the heart to beat in irregular pattern.

Atrial flutter is a condition in which the heart upper chambers (atria) beat too quickly.

Rapid contraction of the upper chambers of the heart may spread to the lower chambers of the heart resulting in a rapid heartbeat.

ATRIAL FLUTTER FINDINGS ON ECG

Findings

• Flutter waves present (saw-tooth pattern)

• P wave are absent

• Narrow QRS Complex

• Rhythm can be regular or irregular

• Heart rate (250bpm - 400bpm)

Types Of Atrial Flutter

• Paroxysmal Atrial Flutter

• Persistent Atrial Flutter

Paroxysmal Atrial Flutter

It can come and go. An episode of Atrial Flutter usually lasts hours or days.

Persistent Atrial Flutter

It's episodes occurs more or less permanent.

Symptoms Of Atrial Flutter

• Heart palpitation

• Anxiety

• Confusion

• Tiredness

• Shortness of breath

• Trouble exercise

• Fatigue

Difference between Atrial Flutter and Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial Flutter/Atrial fibrillation

Vitamins And Their Diseases

 VITAMINS 

• Vitamin was invented by Sir F.G Hopkins.
• The term vitamin was coined by Funk.

Vitamins are organic compound required in minute quantities. No Calorie is obtained from it, but it is very important in regulating chemical reactions in metabolism of the body.

On the basis of solubility, vitamins are of two types :-

Fat Soluble Vitamins :-  K, E, D, A

Water Soluble Vitamins :-  B and C

Vitamins and their Chemical name

 Vitamins                  Chemical name  

      A.                                Retinol 

      B1.                               Thiamine

      B2.                              Riboflavin 

      B3.                         Nicotinamide/Niacin   

      B5.                         Pantothenic acid

      B6.                               Pyridoxine 

      B7.                               Biotin

      B11.                              Folic acid 

      B12.                       Cynocobalamine 

      B9.                                 Folic acid 

       C.                            Ascorbic acid

       D.                                  Calciferol 

       E.                                   Tocopherol

       K.                            Phylloquninone

The diseases caused by the deficiency of vitamins 

Vitamins                      Deficiency Diseases

       A.          -          Colour blindness,                                                    Xerophthalmia, 

                                Night blindness          

      B1.        -           Beriberi 

      B2.        -           Cracking of skin, 

                                Redish eye, 

                          Cracking at the corners of lips, 

                                Mouth ulcers

      B3.        -           Whitening of hair,

                                Mentally retardness,

                                Dermatitis, 

                                Pellagra 

       B5.       -           Insomnia, Burning felt,                                        Irritability 

       B6.       -           Anaemia, Depression,

                                Skin disease 

   

       B7.       -           Paralysis, Body pain, 

                                Hair falling 

       B11.     -           Anaemia, Dysentery 

       B12      -           Pernicious Anaemia,                                            Jaundice Teroile,

                                Ankle edema

       B9.      -            Anaemia, Diarrhoea 

 

        C.       -             Scurvy, 

                                Swelling of gums,                                                  bleeding gum

   

        D.      -              Rickets (in children),

                               Osteomalacia (in adults),

                                Osteoporosis

   

        E.       -              Less fertility

        K.       -              Non-clotting of blood

Vitamins and their Sources 

Vitamin A :-    Milk, Egg, Cheese, Green Vegetables, Cod liver oil, Carrot.

Vitamin B1 :-   Ground Nut, Rapeseed, Dried chilli, Pulses, Liver, Egg, Vegetables etc

Vitamin B2 :-    Meat, Green Vegetables, Milk etc.

Vitamin B3 :-    Meat, Milk, Nut, Tomato, Sugarcane etc.

Vitamin B5 :-    Meat, Ground Potato, Tomato, Nut, Leafy Vegetables etc.

Vitamin B6 :-    Liver, Meat, Grains, Rice bran etc.

Vitamin B7 :-    Meat, Egg, Liver, Milk, Nuts, Whole grains etc.

Vitamin B11 :-   Pulse, Liver, Egg

Vitamin B12 :-   Meat Milk

Vitamin B9 :-    Pulses, Liver, Vegetables, Egg etc.

Vitamin C :-  Lemon, Orange, Tomato, sour substance, Chilly, Sprouted grains 

Vitamin D :-   Fish Liver Oil, Milk, Eggs etc.

Vitamin E :-   Leafy Vegetables, Milk, Butter, Sprouted wheat, Vegetable oil, Wheat germ oil etc.

Vitamin K :-   Tomato, Soybean oil, Green Vegetables, Alfalfa etc. 

Note:-

• Cobalt is found in Vitamin B12.
• Synthesis of vitamins cannot be done by the cells of body. It is fulfilled by the vitamin containing food.
• However, synthesis of vitamin D and K take place in our body.
• Bleeding gum, falling of teath, Fragile bones and delayed wound healing occur due to deficiency of vitamin C.
• Deficiency of calcium mainly occur in absence of vitamin D.
• Synthesis of vitamin D takes place by the ultra violet rays present in the sunlight through cholesterol (ergosterol) of skin. Vitamin D2 is known as ergocalciferol.
• Vitamin K is synthesized in our colon by the bacteria and from there it is absorbed.
• Vitamin A is mainly stored in liver.
• Use of polished rice in human diet cause Beriberi.
• Most of the vitamins are not synthesized in human body.
• Amla is the richest source of vitamin C.